MARTINDALE'S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER ASTROPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY & ASTROBIOLOGY CENTER SECTION 3 (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, and where Applicable includes: Courses, Manuals, Handbooks, Simulations, Animations, Videos, etc.)

US/Pacific: Saturday, July 4, 2009 Sydney, Australia: Sunday, July 5, 2009 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer Currently the Calculators On-Line Center contains over "23,730" Calculators & Spreadsheets, over "3,545" Courses, Lectures, Manuals, Handbooks, & "1,000's" of Movies, Videos, Simulations & Animations

Astronomy & Astrophysics Picture of the Day/Week Undergraduate Astronomy, Astrophysics, Astrobiology & Cosmology Courses, Lectures, Textbooks, Lessons, etc. 1st & 2nd Year Education Calculators & Applets Graduate Astronomy, Astrophysics, Astrobiology & Cosmology Courses, Lectures, Textbooks, etc. Astro-Physical Calculators & Astrophysics (HEASARC) Tools Astronomical Distances ~ Acceleration Asteroids, Comets, Meteor Showers ~ Astrogeology & Planetary Geoscience Big-Bang, Nucleosynthesis, Stellar Evolution, Chemical Evolution Black Holes ~ Blackbody Radiation ~ Coordinates ~ Cosmology ~ Doppler Shift Earth: Visible Imaging System of the Earth & Earth Impact Effects Ephemeris ~ Extinction ~ Extrasolar Planets ~ HF Transmitter Antennas ~ HR Diagram Integrals ~ Interplanetary Dust ~ Ionosphere Jupiter ~ Magnetosphere ~ Modeling Space Physics NASA Cosmic Modeling Software ~ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database Nuclear Properties ~ Orbital Mechanics ~ Planets - Solar System Pulsar ~ Relativity ~ Satellites ~ Spectra Analysis Space Missions, Space Flight, Orbital Tracking, etc. Stars, Constellations, Galaxies, Clusters, Nebulae Astronomy, Astrophysics & Astrobiology Center Calculators On-Line Center

Astronomy & Astrophysics Picture of the Day/Week ASTRONOMY PICTURE OF THE DAY OR WEEK ASTRONOMY PICTURE OF THE DAY - NASA Multimedia Astronomy Image Database (Text & Images). Astronomy Picture of the Day "...Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer..." For more information see Astronomy Picture of the Day Archive ASTRONOMICAL IMAGES - Author: D. Malin, Anglo-Australian Observatory, Australia Multimedia Image Database (Text & Images). Astronomical Images of the Day or Week include "...CCD Images; New Photographic Images; Deep Galaxy Images For more information see Anglo-Australian Observatory, Australia CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY PICTURE OF THE DAY - Chandra X-ray Center, NASA Multimedia Image Database (Text & Images). For more information see Chandra X-ray Center @ Havard or Chandra X-ray Center @ NASA HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE PICTURE OF THE WEEK - Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) Multimedia Image Database (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). For more information see the Hubble Space Telescope ASTROPHYSICS PICTURE OF THE WEEK HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS PICTURE OF THE WEEK - High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), NASA Multimedia Image Database (Text & Images). For more information see High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) Undergraduate Astronomy, Astrophysics, Astrobiology & Cosmology SOLAR SYSTEM & THE UNIVERSE COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. THE NINE PLANETS SOLAR SYSTEM TOUR - Bill Arnett Multimedia Solar System Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. The Nine Planets Solar System Tour "...is an overview of the history, mythology, and current scientific knowledge of each of the planets and moons in our solar system. Each page has text and images, some have sounds and movies, most provide references to additional related information..." PHOTOJOURNAL - A collaboration between NASA's Planetary Data System Imaging Node, the Solar System Visualization Project,and JPL's Media Relations Office Multimedia Solar System Course (Text, Images, Animations & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Photojournal "...is your interface to the Planetary Image Archive (PIA) contained within the Planetary Data System Imaging Node - Updated Daily..." SOLAR SYSTEM - National Geographic Multimedia Solar System Lessons (Text, Images, Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Solar System "...Your chance to discover the wonders of our solar system in a spectacular 3-D environment. Take a fly-by tour of the sun and each planet in its orbit,..." For more information see National Geographic WINDOWS TO THE UNIVERSE (QUICKTIME & REAL PLAYER) - University of Michigan & NASA, and hosted by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Multimedia Astronomy & the Universe Course & Lessons (Text, Images, Simulations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Windows to the Universe "...is a user-friendly learning system on the Earth and Space sciences for the use of the general public. The objective of this project, funded by NASA, is to develop an innovative and engaging Web-site that spans the Earth and Space sciences..." For more information see University Corporation for Atmospheric Research ASTRONOMY & COSMOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. DARK MATTER: THE MYSTERY OF DARK MATTER (FLASH, QUICKTIME, REALPLAYER OR WINDOWS MEDIA PLAYER) - Damian Pope, Scientific Outreach, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Multimedia Introduction to Dark Matter Video - "The Mystery of Dark Matter" (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). Examples of "The Mystery of Dark Matter" Video Subject Categories include "...Measuring the Mass of the Sun; Measuring the Mass of a Galaxy: Orbital Method; Measuring the Mass of a Galaxy: Brightness Method; Evidence from Einstein; Current Theories of Dark Matter; etc..." For more information see Perimeter Explorations; Outreach Overview or Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics GALAXIES AND THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE (ASTRONOMY 123) - J. Schombert, Department of Physics, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Oregon Multimedia Galaxies and the Expanding Universe Course (Text, Images & Animations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENISVE. Examples of "Galaxies and the Expanding Universe" Course Lectures include "...Ancient Cosmology; Medieval Cosmology; Newtonian Cosmology; Atomic Theory; Elementary Particles; Mass/Energy Equivalence; Milky Way; Quasars; Geometry of the Universe; Early Universe; Baryongenesis; Nucleosynthesis; Neutrinos; Galaxy Formation; etc..." For more information see James Schombert's Home Page or the Department of Physics STARS, GALAXIES AND COSMOLOGY (ASTRONOMY 162) - Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Tennessee Multimedia Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology Course (Text, Images & Animations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENISVE. Examples of "Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology" Course Chapters include "...Properties of Light; The Interaction of Light and Matter; Telescopes and Detectors; The Sun; Energy Production in Stars; Ordinary Stars; Stellar Motion; The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram; Ejection of the Envelope; etc..." For more information see the Department of Physics & Astronomy LECTURES IN OBSERVATIONAL COSMOLOGY - S.G. Djorgovski, Department of Astronomy, Division of Physics, Mathematice & Astronomy, California Institue of Technology (CalTech) Multimedia Observational Cosmology Course - PDF (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. "Observational Cosmology" Course Lectures include "...Introduction, cosmological models, distance scale, contents of the universe; Cosmological tests, large scale structure; Galaxies, their properties and evolution, intergalactic medium; Galaxy formation, reionization, quasars and supermassive black holes..." For more information see the George's Teaching; S. George Djorgovski's Home Page or the Department of Astronomy NEBULAE GALAXIES AND COSMOLOGY (ASTRONOMY 480) - C. Gronwall, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University Multimedia Nebulae Galaxies and Cosmology Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Nebulae Galaxies and Cosmology" Course Lectures include "...Morphological Classification, Galaxy Catalogs; Galaxy photometry, extinction, luminosity functions; Ellipticals; Spirals; Groups of Galaxies, Dynamical Friction; Galaxy Interactions & Tidal Stripping; Clusters of Galaxies; Active Galactic Nuclei & Emission-Line Spectroscopy; Hierarchical Structure Formation; etc..." For more information see Caryl Gronwall or the Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics GENERAL & SPECIAL RELATIVITY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY AND GENERAL RELATIVITY - S. Waner, Department of Mathematics, Hofstra University Multimedia Differential Geometry and General Relativity Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Differential Geometry and General Relativity Course Chapters include "...Smooth Manifolds and Scalar Fields; Contravariant and Covariant Vector Fields; Riemannian Manifolds Covariant Differentiation; Geodesics and Local Inertial Frames; The Riemann Curvature Tensor; The Stress Tensor and the Relativistic Stress-Energy Tensor; Three Basic Premises of General Relativity; etc..." For more information see Online Utilities & Software - Calculators; Finite Mathematics & Applied Calculus Resource Page; Steven R. Costenoble's Home Page; Department of Mathematics or Hofstra University SPECIAL RELATIVITY (QUICKTIME) - A. Hamilton, Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy (CASA), Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Multimedia Special Relativity Course (Text, Images, Animations & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENISVE. For more information see Andrew Hamilton's Home Page or the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy Examples of "Special Relativity" Course Chapters include Chapter 1: The Postulates of Special Relativity Chapter 3: Centre of the Lightcone Chapter 5: Time Dilation Chapter 6: Construction of the Lorentz Transformation THROUGH EINSTEIN'S EYES: SEEING RELATIVITY (QUICKTIME) - Department of Physics, Australian National University (ANU) Multimedia Relativity Lessons (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Through Einstein's Eyes Online Site; Through Einstein's Eyes Online Home Page or the Department of Physics; ASTROPHYSICS & SPACE PHYSICS COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. ASTROPHYSICS 1 - P. Armitage, JILA and the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia Astrophysics 1 Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Astrophysics 1" Course Lectures include "...Radiation Processes: Fluxes and Magnitudes; Radiation Processe: Equation of Radiative Transfer; Radiation Processe: Optical Depth; Radiation Processe: Spectral Lines; Radiation Processe: Bremsstrahlung; Stars: Measuring Masses; Stars: Hydrostatic Equilibrium - Virial Theorem; Stars: Gas and Radiation Pressure; Stars: Eddington limit; Stars: Nuclear Reactions; Stars: Neutrino Oscillation; Stellar Evolution: Star Formation; Stellar Evolution: Bbinary Formation; Stellar Evolution: Extrasolar Planet Population; Stellar Evolution: White Dwarfs; Stellar Evolution: Mass Transfer Binaries; Stellar Evolution: Pulsars; etc..." For more information see JILA; Phil Armitage's Home Page or the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences ASTROPHYSICS 2 - P. Armitage, JILA and the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia Astrophysics 2 Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Astrophysics 2" Course Lectures include "...Gamma Ray Bursts: Models; Milky Way - Basic Structure; Milky Way - the IMF; Milky Way - Salpeter IMF; Milky Way - Gravitational Lensing Regimes; Normal Galaxies - Classification; Normal Galaxies - Surface Brightness; Normal Galaxies - Stellar Dynamics; Normal Galaxies - Rotation Curves; Normal Galaxies - Tully-Fisher; Normal Galaxies - Orbits in Ellipticals; Active Galaxies - Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes; Active Galaxies - Eddington Limit; Active Galaxies - Iron Lines and Black Hole Spin; Cosmology - Friedmann Model; Cosmology - Nucleosynthesis; etc..." For more information see JILA; Phil Armitage's Home Page or the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences SPACE PHYSICS TEXTBOOK - Space Physics Group, Department of Physical Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland Multimedia Space Physics Course (Text and Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Space Physics Course" Course Chapters include "...Solar System; Magnetosphere; Ionosphere; Atmosphere; Geomagnetic Activity; Aurora; Waves; Plasma Theory; etc..." For more information see Space Physics Group, Department of Physical Sciences or the University of Oulu Home Page in English ASTROBIOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. ASTROBIOLOGY PRIMER - Editor-in-Chief: Lucas J. Mix, Published: Astrobiology, Volume 6, Number 5, 2006 Multimedia Astrobiology Primer: An Outline of General Knowledge - Version 1, 2006 Textbook PDF (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Astrobiology Primer "...has been created as a reference tool for those who are interested in the interdisciplinary field of astrobiology. The field incorporates many diverse research endeavors, but it is our hope that this slim volume will present the reader with all he or she needs to know to become involved and to understand, at least at a fundamental level, the state of the art... Examples of "Astrobiology Primer: An Outline of General Knowledge" Textbook Chapters include "...Stellar Formation and Evolution; Planetary Formation and Evolution; Astrobiogeochemistry and the Origin of Life; Evolution of Life Through Time; Planet Detection and Characterization; Diversity of Life ASTROBIOLOGY: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF HABITABLE WORLDS - H. Geller, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, George Mason University Multimedia Astrobiology: Origin and Evolution of Habitable Worlds Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENISVE. Examples of "Astrobiology: Origin and Evolution of Habitable Worlds" Course Lectures include "...The Science of Life in the Universe; The Universal Context of Life; Searching for Life in Our Solar System; Mars; The Evolution of Habitability; The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence; etc..." For more information see Harold Geller's Home Page or the Department of Physics and Astronomy

Graduate Astronomy, Astrophysics, Astrobiology & Cosmology ASTROPHYSICS COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. ELEMENTS OF ASTROPHYSICS - Nick Kaiser, Institute of Astronomy, University of Hawaii Multimedia Elements of Astrophysics Textbook - PDF, 435 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Elements of Astrophysics" Textbook Chapters include "...Special Relativity; Dynamics; Random Fields; Radiation; Thermal Radiation; Radiative Transfer; Radiation Fields; Geometric Optics; Diffraction Theory; Radiation from Moving Charges; Cerenkov Radiation; Bremsstrahlung; Synchrotron Radiation; Compton Scattering; Classical Field Theory; Quantum Fields; Relativistic Field Theory; Kinetic Theory; Supersonic Flows and Shocks; Plasma; Collisionless Systems; Non-Linear Cosmological Structure; Relativistic Covariance of Electromagnetism; etc..." For more information see Nick Kaiser's Home Page or the Institute of Astronomy NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS (PHY 983) - H. Schatz, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University Multimedia Nuclear Astrophysics Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Nuclear Astrophysics" Course Lectures include "...Abundances - Masses and Decay Mode; Nuclear Burning in the Sun, pp-chain; Introduction to Stellar Reaction Rate; Nuclear Burning in the Sun, Neutrinos; Reaction Rates; Explosive Hydrogen Burning; Stellar Burning; Supernovae; s-process, intro r-process; etc..." For more information see Nuclear Astrophysics Course Home Page; Hendrik Schatz's Home Page or the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory ASTRONOMY & COSMOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. ASTRONOMICAL MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION - S.G. Djorgovski, Department of Astronomy, Division of Physics, Mathematice & Astronomy, California Institue of Technology (CalTech) Multimedia Astronomical Measurements and Instrumentation Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Astronomical Measurements and Instrumentation" Course Lectures include "...Basic Optics and Telescopes ; UV/Opt/IR Detectors; Photometry; Spectrographs and Spectroscope; X-ray, Gamma-ray, and UHECR Telescopes and Instruments; Observing Skills; etc..." For more information see the George's Teaching; S. George Djorgovski's Home Page or the Department of Astronomy EXPLORING THE HIGH REDSHIFT UNIVERSE - C. Gronwall, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University Multimedia Exploring the High Redshift Universe Course (Text & Lectures). Examples of "Exploring the High Redshift Universe" Course Lectures include "...Semi-Analytic Models; Intermediate Redshift Surveys; Evolution in Mass; Star-formation - Metallicity History; Evolution of Morphology, Merger Rates, & Galaxy Sizes; Lyman-break Galaxies; Square Kilometer Array & Atacama Large Millimeter Array; etc..." For more information see Caryl Gronwall For more information see Caryl Gronwall or the Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics HIGH REDSHIFT SUPERNOVA SEARCH: SUPERNOVA COSMOLOGY PROJECT - Supernova Cosmology Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Multimedia High Redshift Supernova Search: Supernova Cosmology Project Technical Publications (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. GENERAL RELATIVITY, GRAVITY & DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. GENERAL RELATIVITY LECTURE NOTES - Matthias Blau, Gravity and String Theory Group, Institut de Physique, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland Multimedia General Relativity Course Lecture Notes - PDF - 229 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of General Relativity Course Chapters include "...The Physics and Geometry of Geodesics; Tensor Algebra; Physics in a Gravitational Field; The Lie Derivative, Symmetries and Killing Vectors; The Schwarzschild Metric; Particle and Photon Orbits in the Schwarzschild Geometry; Linearised Gravity and Gravitational Waves; Kaluza-Klein Theory; etc..." For more information see Matthias Blau's Lecture Notes; Matthias Blau's Home Page; Gravity and String Theory Group or the Institut de Physique DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY - Matt Visser, Gravity Group, Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Multimedia Differential Geometry Course - PDF - 224 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Differential Geometry Course Chapters & Subchapters include Chapter 2: Fundamentals "...Basis and sub-basis for a topology; Discrete and indiscrete topologies; Hausdorff and non-Hausdorff topologies; Elementary metric spaces; etc..." Chapter 3: Affine Connexions "...Parallel transport; Geodesics; Torsion; Basic Curvature Identities; Weitzenbock connexion; etc..." Chapter 6: Metric tensor "...Riemannian geometry; Finsler/pseudo-Finsler geometry; The Weyl tensor; etc..." Chapter 8: Lie derivatives "...Lie derivatives on covariant vectors; Lie derivatives on general tensors; etc..." For more information see Lecture Notes; Math 464: Differential Geometry; Teaching; Matt Visser's Home Page or the School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science ADVANCED GENERAL RELATIVITY (FLASH, MP3, MEDIASITE VIEWER, ETC.) - E. Poisson, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Multimedia Advanced General Relativity Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). Advanced General Relativity Course includes "...over "14" Video Lectures..." For more information see 2008 Courses; Courses; Scientific or Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics ASTROBIOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. AN ASTROBIOLOGY STRATEGY FOR THE EXPORATION OF MARS (2007) - Committee on an Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars, National Research Council, National Academies, Published by The National Academies Press Multimedia An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars Textbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENISVE. Examples of "An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars" Textbook Chapters include "...The Present State of Knowledge About Mars and Possible Life; Biosignatures and Abiotic Chemistry; Characteristics of Sites for Astrobiological Investigation; Methodologies for Advancing Astrobiology; Astrobiological Assessment of Current Mars Mission Archictecture; Planetary Protection for Mars Missions; etc..." For more information see the National Academy of Sciences Press Home Page or the National Academy of Sciences EXPLORING ORGANIC ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM (2007) - Task Group on Organic Environments in the Solar System, National Research Council, National Academies, Published by The National Academies Press Multimedia Exploring Organic Environments in the Solar System Textbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Exploring Organic Environments in the Solar System" Textbook Chapters & Subchapters include The Chemistry of Carbon, 1 Biotic and Abiotic Carbon Compounds; The Formation, Modification, and Preservation of Organic Compounds in the Solar System, 2 Interstellar Chemistry "...Meteorites; Primitive Bodies; The Giant Planets and Their Satellites; The Terrestrial Planets..." Exploration: Where to Go and What to Study, 7 Approaches to Research. For more information see the National Academy of Sciences Press Home Page or the National Academy of Sciences THE LIMITS OF ORGANIC LIFE IN PLANETARY SYSTEMS (2007) - Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems, Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life, National Research Council, National Academies, Published by The National Academies Press Multimedia The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems Textbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems" Textbook Chapters include "...A Sketch of the Chemistry Behind Known Carbon-based Life on Earth; Pushing the Boundaries of Life; Alternatives to Terran Biochemistry in Water; Origin of Life; Why Water? Toward More Exotic Habitats; Life Detection and Biomarkers; etc..." For more information see the National Academy of Sciences Press Home Page or the National Academy of Sciences Astro-Physical/Units SCIENTIFIC CALCULATORS & APPLETS RELATED CENTERS FOR SI UNITS, MORE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATORS, ETC., SEE UNIT CONVERSION, SI UNITS, SCIENTIFIC CALCULATORS ASTROPHYSICS (HEASARC) CALCULATORS & APPLETS HEASARC TOOLS: CALCULATORS - NASA's High Energy Astrophysics Sciences Archive Research Center (HEASARC), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. HEASARC Web Tools are "...designed to assist scientists in their proposal and general data analysis efforts..." HEASARC Web Tool Categories include: "...General Tools; Multi-Mission Tools & Mission Tools..." For more information see NASA's High Energy Astrophysics Sciences Archive Research Center (HEASARC) Examples of Astrophysics Calculators & Astrophysics Tools include Object Position Finder, Coordinate Converter, and Separation Calculator Object Position Finder, Coordinate Converter, and Separation Calculator "...Use this form to convert individual names or positions..." nH Column Density nH Column Density "...Determine neutral Hydrogen column density by target coordinates..." X-Ray Background Tool X-Ray Background Tool "...alculate average X-ray background count rates from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey diffuse background maps..." WebSpec WebSpec "...can be used to simulate spectral data for a variety of X-ray missions/instruments..." xTime xTime "...Convert RXTE and Swift times to other time systems and formats and vice versa..." HEXTErock HEXTErock "...HEXTE cluster background positions on the sky..." ASTRO-PHYSICAL CALCULATORS & APPLETS ASTR0-PHYSICAL CALCULATOR - C. Dolan, Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Astro-Physical Calculator includes: Scientific, Technical, Programming and Logic functions Physical Constants "...Velocity of light; Planck constant; Gravitational constant; Electron charge; Mass of electron; Mass of proton; Mass of neutron; Mass of hydrogen; Avagadro's number; Boltzmann constant; Rydberg constant; etc..." Astronomical Constants "...Astronomical unit; Parsec; Light year; Solar mass; etc..." Planetary Data "...Mass; Radius; Period; Eccentricity; etc..." For more information see Java Applets & Javascript; Chris Dolan's Home Page or the Department of Astronomy PHYSICS POCKET COMPUTER (JAVASCRIPT) - Jean-Pol Vigneron, Départment of Physique, Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix de Namur, Belgium VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Départmnet of Physique Astronomical Distances ASTRONOMICAL/COSMIC DISTANCES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ASTRONOMICAL DISTANCES - D.P. Hamilton, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland Astronomical Distances Calculator "...You are in a spaceship leaving Earth to explore the Universe! How fast do you want to travel?..." For more information see Astronomy Workshop Tools; Astronomy Workshop or the Department of Astronomy COSMIC DISTANCE SCALES - INTERACTIVE - M. Masetti & K. Mukai, High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), Exploration of the Universe Division (EUD), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY EXTENSIVE. Cosmic Distance Scales "...will give an impression of how immense our Universe is by employing a method used many times in "Power of 10" films - that is, starting with an image of the Earth and then zooming out towards the furthest visible reaches of our Universe..." For more information see Education; High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC); Exploration of the Universe Division (EUD) or the Goddard Space Flight Center SOLAR SYSTEM DISTANCE CONVERTER - CALCULATOR - Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous, Johns Hopkins' Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University Solar System Distance Calculator "...Converts between km, miles, Astronomical Units, and light travel time..." For more information see Site Index or Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Acceleration ACCELERATION, TIME DILATION CALCULATORS & APPLETS CONSTANT PROPER-ACCELERATION CALCULATOR - P. Fraundorf, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Missouri, St. Louis VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Constant Proper-Acceleration Calculator "...provides students with quantitative tools for dealing with time dilation, relativistic acceleration, and even curved space-time..." For more information see One-Frame Views of Unidirectional Motion; Phil Fraundorf's Home Page or the Department of Physics & Astronomy Asteroids, Comets, Meteor Showers ASTEROIDS & COMETS ORBIT VIEWER ASTEROIDS & COMETS ORBIT VIEWER - IN REAL-TIME - NASA'S Near-Earth Object Program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Near-Earth Asteroid Collision Monitoring System includes "...Orbit Diagrams; Potentially Hazardous Asteroids; Orbital Elements; Earth Close Approaches; Earth Impact Risk; etc..." For more information see NASA'S Near-Earth Object Program ASTEROIDS, COMETS & SMALL BODIES DATABASES NASA'S SMALL BODIES NODE - Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, JPL & NASA Multimedia Comets, Asteroids & Interplanetary Dust Databases (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. The Small Bodies Node "...This node is concerned with gathering, restoring and archiving data sets related to comets, asteroids and interplanetary dust..." For more information see NASA's Planetary Data System ASTEROIDS COURSES, LECTURES, ETC. ASTEROIDS - Bill Arnett Multimedia Asteroids Lessons (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Asteroids "...Several hundred thousand asteroids have been discovered and given provisional designations so far. Thousands more are discovered each year. There are undoubtedly hundreds of thousands more that are too small to be seen from the Earth..." For more information see the The Nine Planets COMETS DATABASES, LECTURES, ETC. COMETS - Crni Vrh Observatory Multimedia Comet & Asteroids Observations (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Comet Observations includes "...Comet Latest Images; CCD Photometry; Bright Comets; Comet Image Gallery; Daily Ephemeris; etc..." COMETS - Seiichi Yoshida Multimedia Comet Databases, etc. (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Comets includes "...Latest Pictures of Comets; Weekly Information about Bright Comets; Visual Comets in the Future; etc..." COMET SECTION OF GERMANY (ENGLISH) - M. Meyer & A. Kammerer, Vereinigung der Sternfredunde e.V., Fachgruppe Kometen, Technischen Universität Clausthal, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) Multimedia Comet Databases, etc. (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Comet Section of Germany includes "...Current Comets; Comet Image Database; Comet Articles; Analysis of Past Comet Apparitions; Gas Production and Chemical Composition for Selected Comets; etc..." For more information see Willkommen auf der Homepage der VdS-Fachgruppe Kometen COMET BRIGHTNESS ESTIMATES - International Comet Quarterly (ICQ) Multimedia Comet Brightness Estimates Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Comet Brightness Estimates "...Selected recent magnitude estimates (often preliminary values!), as reported to the IAU Circulars and International Comet Quarterly for currently-observable comets..." For more information see the International Comet Quarterly (ICQ) METEORS, METEOR SHOWERS, METEORIC FIREBALLS DATABSE, LECTURES, ETC. THE ALLENDE METEORITE REFERENCE SAMPLE - Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution Multimedia Allende Meteorite Reference Sample - PDF, 53 Pages (Text & Images) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Department of Mineral Sciences METEORS, METEOR SHOWERS, METEORIC FIREBALLS, & RELATED METEORIC PHENOMENA - G.W. Kronk, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo Multimedia Meteors, Meteor Showers, Meteoric Fireballs, and related Meteoric Phenomena Databases, Lessons, Technical Reports, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Astrogeology & Planetary Geoscience ASTROBIOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DRAKE EQUATION CALCULATOR - ClassBrain.com Drake Equation Calculator Calculates: "...the number of technological civilizations that may exist in our galaxy..." ASTROGEOLOGY DATABASES ASTROGEOLOGY - Astrogeology Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey MAP-A-PLANET - PDS Imaging Node, USGS Flagstaff & DS Imaging Node, JPL, NASA Multimedia Planetary Image Atlas (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. MapMaker "...solves this problem by making tailored maps according to the users specifications..." PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES NASA'S PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES NODE - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, JPL & NASA Multimedia Planetary Atmospheres Databases (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Planetary Atmospheres "...responsible for the acquisition, preservation, and distribution of all non-imaging atmospheric data from all planetary missions (excluding Earth observations)..." For more information see NASA's Planetary Data System PLANETARY GEOSCIENCES NASA'S PLANETARY GEOSCIENCES NODE - Earth and Planetary Remote Sensing Laboratory, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, JPL & NASA Multimedia Planetary Geosciences Databases (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Planetary Geosciences "...archives and distributes digital data related to the study of the surfaces and interiors of terrestrial planetary bodies..." For more information see NASA's Planetary Data System

Big-Bang, Nucleosynthesis, Stellar Evolution, Chemical Evolution of Galaxies NUCLEOSYNTHESIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS STELLAR EVOLUTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES CALCULATORS & APPLETS STAR AND PLANET FORMATION (QUICKTIME) - M.R. Bate, Astrophysics Group, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K. Multimedia Star and Planet Formation (Text, Images & Vides/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Astrophysics Group Some examples Star and Planet Formation Videos include Star Cluster Formation in 3D Star Cluster Formation in 3D "...takes my star cluster calculations to a new level, modelling the collapse and fragmentation of a 500 solar mass cloud..." The Formation of Clusters of Stars and Brown Dwarfs The Formation of Clusters of Stars and Brown Dwarfs Videos include: "...Original Calculation Video; Denser Cloud Video; Original Calculation vs Low Metallicity Video; Denser Cloud vs Different Power Spectrum Video; Different Turbulent Power Spectrum Video; etc..." STARS, NEBULAE, GALAXIES, ETC.: INTERACTIVE JAVA APPLETS FOR TEACHING OF ASTROPHYSICS - J. Köppen, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, France VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Stars, Nebulae, Galaxies, etc.: Java Applets for Teaching of Astrophysics "...This is a collection of Java applets written for teaching, creating exercises, allowing self-study and for use as small research tools. They aim to permit an interactive exploration of the behaviour of physical systems..." For more information see Joachim Köppen's Home Page or the Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg Some examples from over "40" Astrophysics Calculators include Plasma Diagnostics Plasma Diagnostics Calculator "... interprets the emission line spectrum of ionized gaseous nebulae: from the observed intensities of the lines, temperature, density, and the abundances of the elements in the nebula are derived. Also, given these values, the expected line intensities are synthesized..." Stellar Evolution Calculator - Stellar Evolutionary Tracks Calculator - Stellar Population Calculator Stellar Evolution Calculator - Stellar Evolutionary Tracks Calculator - Stellar Population Calculator "...shows the computed evolutionary paths of any star between 0.8 and 120 solar masses in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, as well as the isochrones, i.e. the locus of stars of any given age..." Chemical Evolution of Galaxies with detailed Nucleosynthesis Calculator Chemical Evolution of Galaxies with detailed Nucleosynthesis Calculator INPUT Values include: Model "...Type of Nucleosynthesis Mode Full Normal Mode; Closed Box, IRA, Analytical Solution; etc. Age of Galaxy; Number of Time Steps; Number of Stellar Masses; etc..." Galaxy "...Gas; Stars; Initial Z; Parameters of SFR; etc..." Simple Nucleo "...Locked-up Mass Fraction; Oxygen Yield; etc..." Chemical Evolution of Galaxies with Inflow of Metal-Poor Gas Calculator Chemical Evolution of Galaxies with Inflow of Metal-Poor Gas Calculator INPUT Values include: Galaxy with Gas Inflow INPUT Values: "...lg(a) is the instantaneous ratio of the accretion rate of the gas and the star formation rate; g(M/M0) is the current ratio of the total mass (gas plus stars) and the initial gas mass; lg(gas), lg(stars) are the masses in the form of gas and long-lived stars - including stellar remnants; lg(Z/y) is the metallicity of the gas for a primarily produced element, measured in terms of the true yield y; etc..." Constant dt; log(AR) Shift; etc. Chemodynamical Evolution of Galaxies Calculator Chemodynamical Evolution of Galaxies Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Parameters: sfrCon, sfrPwr, sfrTemp, TauStar, Eta, etc.; etc..." NUCLEOSYNTHESIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NUCLEOSYNTHESIS PROCESSES: PROTON - PROTON (PP) CHAIN - A. Font, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham, U.K. Nucleosynthesis Processes: Proton - Proton (PP) Chain Calculators: "...Stars like our Sun generate energy by fusing Hydrogen into Helium. Several chain reactions are possible, depending on temperature in the center of the star. When this temperature is below 20 million K, the reactions take the proton - proton (PP) chain path..." For more information see Java Astro Lab: A Collection of Applets for Astronomy or Andreea Font's Home Page STELLAR EVOLUTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DARTMOUTH STELLAR EVOLUTION WEB SEVER (JAVA APPLETS) - B.C. Chaboyer & S. Schwarz, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Dartmouth College VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Stellar Evolution Calculator "...allows the user to calculate models for the evolution of stars. The user may view the results of the calculations graphically and/or access the calculated data files directly. The output includes..." For more information see Brian C. Chaboyer's Home Page or the Department of Physics & Astronomy STARBURST99 SIMULATION - Space Telescope Science Institute VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Click on "Run Your Own Starburst99 Simulation". The Starbust99 Simulation is "...a web based software and data package designed to model spectrophotometric and related properties of star-forming galaxies..." Starbust99 Calculator INPUT Values include: Star Formation Fixed Mass "...Total Stellar Mass..." or Continuous Star Formation: "...Star Formation Rate; Number of IMF Intervals; IMF Exponents; Mass Boundaries for IMF; Supernova Cut-Off Mass; Black Hole Cut-Off Mass..." Metallicity and Tracks "...Geneva Std., Geneva High, Padova Orig., or Padova AGB; Wind Model; Initial Time; Time Scale; Selected Tracks or All Tracks; etc..." Atmospheres and Spectra "...Time Step to Print Spectra; Atmosphere for the Low-Resolution Spectrum; Metallicity of the High-Resolution Spectrum; Library for the UV Line Spectrum; etc..." For more information see Starburst and Galaxy Evolution; Space Telescope Science Institute STELLAR EVOLUTIONARY TRACKS APPLET - A. Font, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham, U.K. VERY EXTENSIVE. Stellar Evolution Tracks "...visualizes stellar evolution tracks, following the evolution of the star's Age, Luminosity, Radius and Effective Temperature..." Examples of Stellar Evolution Tracks include: "...M = 1 Msolar, Z = 0.001; M= 1 Msolar, Z = 0.100; M = 20 Msolar, Z = 0.004; M = 60 Msolar, Z = 0.100; M = 120 Msolar, Z = 0.004; etc..." For more information see Java Astro Lab: A Collection of Applets for Astronomy or Andreea Font's Home Page

Black Holes BLACK HOLES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BLACK HOLES COURSES WTIH VIDEOS/MOVIES & AUDIO/SOUND EXPLORING BLACK HOLES: GENERAL RELATIVITY & ASTROPHYSICS (REAL PLAYER) - E. Bertschinger & E.F. Taylor, Department of Physics & the MIT OpenCourseWare, MIT Multimedia Physics Course: Exploring Black Holes: General Relativity & Astrophysics (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Exploring Black Holes: General Relativity & Astrophysics "...Study of physical effects in the vicinity of a black hole as a basis for understanding general relativity, astrophysics, and elements of cosmology. Extension to current developments in theory and observation. Energy and momentum in flat spacetime; the metric; curvature of spacetime near rotating and..." Examples of Exploring Black Holes: General Relativity & Astrophysics Video Lectures include: "...Einstein's Field Equations Video Lecture; Tracing Einstein's Development of the Special Relativity Theory Video Lecture; Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy Video Lecture; X-Ray Binaries and the Search for Black Holes Video Lecture; LIGO: Detecting Gravitational Waves Video Lecture; Cosmic Structure Formation; From Inflation to Galaxies Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see Exploring Black Holes: General Relativity & Astrophysics Home Page; Department of Physics; Physics Courses or MIT OpenCourseWare FALLING INTO A BLACK HOLE - A. Hamilton, Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy (CASA) Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Multimedia Black Holes Course (Text, Images, Animations & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Andrew Hamilton's Home Page or the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy Examples from over "9" Black Holes Course Chapters include Chapter 1: Approaching the Black Hole Chapter 3: Falling to the Singularity of the Black Hole Chapter 5: Schwarzschild Geometry Chapter 6: White Holes and Wormholes Blackbody Radiation BLACKBODY RADIATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BLACKBODY RADIATION - R. Scharein, Astronomy, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. Blackbody Radiation Calculator "...shows Planck's energy density function for blackbody radiation..." For more information see Astronomy Applets; Rob Scharein's Home Page or the Department of Physics & Astronomy Coordinates COORDINATES CALCULATORS & APPLETS CONVERT EQUATORIAL TO GALACTIC COORDINATES - CALCULATOR - E.M. Murphy, FUSE - The Far Spectroscopic Explorer, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University & NASA Convert Equatorial to Galactic Coordinates INPUT Values include: "...Right Ascension; Declination; Epoch..." For more information see FUSE Planning Tools or FUSE - The Far Spectroscopic Explorer HEASARC TOOLS: CALCULATORS - NASA's High Energy Astrophysics Sciences Archive Research Center (HEASARC), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. HEASARC Web Tools are "...designed to assist scientists in their proposal and general data analysis efforts..." HEASARC Web Tool Categories include: "...General Tools; Multi-Mission Tools & Mission Tools..." For more information see NASA's High Energy Astrophysics Sciences Archive Research Center (HEASARC) Examples of Astrophysics Calculators & Astrophysics Tools include Object Position Finder, Coordinate Converter, and Separation Calculator Object Position Finder, Coordinate Converter, and Separation Calculator "...Use this form to convert individual names or positions..." nH Column Density nH Column Density "...Determine neutral Hydrogen column density by target coordinates..." X-Ray Background Tool X-Ray Background Tool "...alculate average X-ray background count rates from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey diffuse background maps..." WebSpec WebSpec "...can be used to simulate spectral data for a variety of X-ray missions/instruments..." xTime xTime "...Convert RXTE and Swift times to other time systems and formats and vice versa..." HEXTErock HEXTErock "...HEXTE cluster background positions on the sky..." HELIOWEB - Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Multimedia Heliocentric Trajectories for Selected Spacecraft, Planets, and Comets Databases (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Heliocentric Trajectories for Selected Spacecraft, Planets, and Comets: "...Positions are available in Solar Ecliptic (SE) and Heliographic (HG) (rotating and inertial) systems for 12 Spacecraft, 2 Planets and 8 Comets. They can be obtained at desired time period, time resolution..." For more information see Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) or the Goddard Space Flight Center Cosmology COSMOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COSMOLOGY MODELING CALCULATORS & APPLETS COSMOLOGY JAVALAB - C. Mihos, Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University VERY EXTENSIVE. Cosmology Calculator "...you can explore how the age and fate of the Universe depend on these factors, and how we can constrain cosmological..." For more information see Current Applets; Dynamical Astronomy JavaLab; Chris Mihos' Home Page or the Department of Astronomy COSMOLOGY CALCULATOR - C. Kobulnicky, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming VERY EXTENSIVE. Cosmology Calculator "...Enter fundamental cosmological parameters and get back useful physical parameters about objects in the distant universe..." Cosmology Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Redshift (z); H0; OmegaMatter; OmegaLambda; Luminosity..." Cosmology Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Age of Universe at z; Lookback time to z; Angular Scale at z; Surface Brightness Factor; etc..." For more information see Chip Kobulnicky's Home Page or the Department of Physics & Astronomy COSMOLOGY CALCULATOR - A. Cappi, Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, and the Dipartimento di Astronomia, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy VERY EXTENSIVE. Cosmology Calculator "...calculates a number of useful quantities (distances, angles and lookback time) given a cosmological model and a redshift..." Cosmology Calculator INPUT Values include: "...H0; OmegaMatter; OmegaLambda; Redshift..." Cosmology Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...General properties of the model; Values for the chosen redshift: Luminosity Distance; Comoving Distance; Angular Distance; Length corresponding to 1 degree; etc..." For more information see Alberto Cappi's Home Page; Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna COSMOS CALCULATOR - S.M. Morgan, Department of Earth Science, University of Nothern Iowa Cosmology Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Matter Density (Omega); Cosmological Constant (Lambda); Hubble Constant (H); Redshift (z)..." For more information see Astronomical Javascript, Java Applet Resources; Siobahn M. Morgan's Home Page or the Department of Earth Science NED WRIGHT'S COSMOLOGY CALCULATOR - E. L. Wright, Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCLA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Cosmology Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Redshift (z); H0; OmegaMatter; Open sets Omegavac = 0 giving an open Universe; Flat sets Omegavac = 1-OmegaMatter giving a flat Universe; etc..." Cosmology Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Age at Redshift z was; Light Travel Time was; Comoving Radial Distance is; Comoving Volume within Redshift z is; Angular Size Distance DA is; etc..." For more information see Cosmology; Edward L. Wright's Home Page or the Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Doppler Shift DOPPLER SHIFT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DOPPLER SHIFT CALCULATOR (JAVA APPLET) - PEW's Corner, Denmarki Doppler Shift Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Transducer Velocity; Receiver Velocity; Wave Velocity..." For more information see PEW's Corner RELATIVISTIC DOPPLER EFFECT CALCULATOR - C.R. Nave, Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, Georgia State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Relativistic Doppler Effect Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Relative VelocitySource; Relative VelocityObserved; etc..." For more information see Relativistic Doppler Effect; HyperPhysics; Carl Rod Nave's Home Page; Department of Physics & Astronomy or Georgia State University DOPPLER EFFECT (JAVA APPLET) - J.M. Pearce & W. Christian, Department of Physics, Davidson College, North Carolina For more information see Physlets; WebPhysics or the Department of Physics Earth: Visible Imaging System of the Earth & Earth Impact Effects VISIBLE IMAGING SYSTEM OF THE EARTH NOTE: POLAR SPACECRAFT MISSION ENDED APRIL 16, 2008 VISIBLE IMAGING SYSTEM STILL MAINTAINS ALL OF THE PREVIOUS IMAGES VISIBLE IMAGING SYSTEM (VIS) OF THE EARTH - POLAR SPACECRAFT MISSION ENDED APRIL 16, 2008 - POLAR Spacecraft, ISTP Project, NASA, and Space Plasma Physics, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Iowa Multimedia Visible Imaging System of the Earth (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Visible Imaging System of the Earth "...This Current Image is generated from data collected by the University of Iowa's Visible Imaging Investigations (VII) Visible Imaging System (VIS) on board the NASA Polar spacecraft. It was designed and built by the Particles and Imaging research group from The University of Iowa..." For more information see VIS; Space Plasma Physics - Imaging Research; Space Plasma Physics - Particles & Imaging Research Group; Department of Physics & Astronomy or the POLAR Spacecraft EARTH IMPACT EFFECTS EARTH IMPACT EFFECTS PROGRAM - R. Marcus, H.J. Melosh, & G. Collins, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Department of Planetary Sciences, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Earth Impact Effects Program "...an easy-to-use, interactive web site for estimating the regional environmental consequences of an impact on Earth. This program will estimate the ejecta distribution, ground shaking, atmospheric blast wave, and thermal effects of an impact as well as the size of the crater produced..." Earth Impact Effects Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Distance from Impact; Projectile Diameter & Density; Impact Velocity & Impact Angle; Target (Water; Sediment; Crystaline Rock);..." For more information see H. Jay Melosh's Home Page or the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory Ephemeris EPHEMERIS CALCULATORS & APPLETS EPHEMERIS GENERATOR - Solar System Dynamics Group, JPL VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ephemeris Calculator INPUT Values include: Ephemeris Type "...Observer Table; Vector Table or Orbital Elements..." Target Body "...Sun & Planets; Jovian Satellites; Spacecraft; etc..." Observer Location "...Geocentric; etc..." Time Span; Table Settings; Display/Output. Ephemeris Calculator output values include: Geophysical Data Geophysical Data of Planets "...Mean radius; Mass; Volume; Sidereal rot. period; Mean solar day; Mom. of Inertia; Core radius; Atmos. pressure; Mean Temperature; Density; etc..." Geophysical Data of Satellites "...Physical Properties (Radius; Mass; Density; etc.); Orbits (Semi-major axis; Orbital period; Rotational period; etc.)..." Ephemeris Results "...Target; Target radii; Center geodetic; Center cylindric; Center radii; Target primary; Interfering body; Deflecting body; R.A._(ICRF/J2000.0)_DEC; APmag; S-brt; delta; etc..." For more information see SSD-JPL; Observer's Tool Corner or Solar System Dynamics Group MARS EPHEMERIS GENERATOR - M. Showalter, Planetary Rings Node, Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, JPL & NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Rings Mode On-Line Tools; Planetary Rings Node or NASA's Planetary Data System Other Ephemris Calculators include Jupiter Ephemeris Generator Neptune Ephemeris Generator Saturn Ephemeris Generator Uranus Ephemeris Generator NEW OBJECT EPHEMERIS GENERATOR - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University VERY EXTENSIVE. New Object Ephemeris Generator "...generate ephemerides for your new objects prior to the assignment of official provisional designations..." For more information see IAU: Minor Planet Center or the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Extinction EXTINCTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION & GALACTIC EXTINCTION CALCULATOR - Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, & under contract the Office of Space Science, Research and Program Management Office, NASA VERY EXTENSIVE. Coordinate Transformation & Galactic Extinction Calculator "...an easy-to-use coordinate transformation, precession, and position angle calculator provided for your convenience..." Coordinate Transformation & Galactic Extinction Calculator INPUT Values include: "...System (Equatorial; Ecliptic; Galactic; or Super Galactic); Equinox; Observation Epoch; RA or Longitude; DEC or Latitude; etc..." For more information see NASA/IPAC Extragllactic Database (NED) Calculators; Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) or JPL GALACTIC DUST REDDENING & EXTINCTION CALCULATOR - NASA/IPAC InfraRed Science Archive (IRSA), Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, JPL & NASA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Galactic Dust Reddening and Extinction Calculator "...Computes the interstellar reddening for a line of sight and/or region of the sky, returning the corresponding 100 um intensity, reddening maps, region statistics and estimated Galactic extinction..." "...The user should beware that the technique is restricted by both spatial resolution limitations and assumptions that are used to derive the dust temperature along the line of sight..." For more information see IRSA or the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center THE LEIDEN/ARGENTINE/BONN GALACTIC H i SURVEY CALCULATOR - Radio Astronomy Department, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhemlms-Universität, University of Bonn VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn Galactic H i Survey "...contains the final data release of observations of λ21-cm emission from Galactic neutral hydrogen over the entire sky, merging the Leiden/Dwingeloo Survey..." & "...is intended to be a general resource useful to a wide range of studies of the physical and structural characteristices of the Galactic interstellar environment..." For more information see Tools or the Radio Astronomy Department, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie YORK EXTINCTION SOLVER (YES) - M.L. McCall, York University VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. The York Extinction Solver (YES) "...is a facility for evaluating the Galactic or localized extinction of any celestial body in any filter from any index of reddening..." York Extinction Solver Calculators include: Compute Optical Depth from Reddening Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Category (galaxies; galaxies_indef; nuclei; starclusters; stars); Axis Ratio; Rotational Velocity; Optical Depth Known; Systems (bessell; hts; johnson; pfuei; etc.); Filters (g, r, i or z; UX, BX, B, V, etc.); Filter Range; etc..." Compute Extinction from Optical Depth Calculator; Compute Extinction Coefficients Calculator..." Extrasolar Planets EXTRASOLAR PLANETS DATABASE EXTRASOLAR PLANETS - G.W. Marcy, Department of Astronomy and the Center of Integrative Planetary Science, U.C. Berkeley Multimedia Extrasolar Planets Database & Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Geoffrey W. Marcy's Home Page; Department of Astronomy or the Center of Integrative Planetary Science EXTRASOLAR PLANETS ENCYCLOPEDIA - J. Schneider, Paris-Meudon-Nançay Observatory Multimedia Extrasolar Planets Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Paris-Meudon-Nançay Observatory High Frequency Transmitter Antennas HAARP HF TRANSMITTER PERFORMANCE CALCULATORS & APPLETS CALCULATE HAARP HF TRANSMITTER PERFORMANCE - High Frequency Active Auroa Research Program, Gakona, Alaska VERY EXTENSIVE. HAARP HF Transmitter Performance Calculator "...note that this calculation is based on ideal engineering assumptions and the results will represent the best performance that can be expected for the given array sizes"..." HAARP HF Transmitter Performance Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Array Size (Columns; Rows); Frequency; Ionospheric Layer..." For more information see High Frequency Active Auroa Research Program Hurtzsrung-Russell Diagram (HR Diagram) HERTZSRUNG-RUSSEL DIAGRAM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS HR DIAGRAM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS HERTZSRUNG-RUSSEL DIAGRAM AS RELATED TO STELLAR RADIUS AND TEMPERATURE THE HERTZSRUNG-RUSSEL DIAGRAM AS RELATED TO STELLAR RADIUS AND TEMPERATURE: CALCULATOR - L. Bogan, Department of Physics, Arcadia University, Nova Scotia, Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. The Hertzsrung-Russell Diagram (HR Diagram) as related to Stellar Radius and Temperature "...The HR Diagrams plots stellar brightness versus surface temperature: Luminosity vs. Surface Temperature; Absolute Magnitude vs. Color Index; Absolute Magnitude vs. Spectral Class..." For more information see Astronomy Pages or Larry Bogan's Home Page Integrals INTEGRAL CALCULATORS & APPLETS INTEGRALS: THE INTEGRATOR - Wolfram Research, Inc VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Wolfram Mathematica Online Integrator "...The Power To Do Integrals As The World Has Never Seen Before..." Wolfram Mathematica Online Integrator "...is powered by webMathematica, so it expects input to be in Mathematica syntax. It can also parse many expressions when they are not in exactly the right form, so people who are unfamiliar with Mathematica syntax details will not usually encounter problems..." For more information see Wolfram Research, Inc Interplanetary Dust INTERPLANETARY DUST DATABASES NASA'S SMALL BODIES NODE - Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, JPL & NASA Multimedia Comets, Asteroids & Interplanetary Dust Databases (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. The Small Bodies Node "...This node is concerned with gathering, restoring and archiving data sets related to comets, asteroids and interplanetary dust..." For more information see NASA's Planetary Data System Ionosphere IONOSPHERE CALCULATORS & APPLETS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE CALCULATORS & APPLETS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE IONOSPHERE - IRI-2007 - Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Multimedia International Reference Ionosphere - IRI-2007 (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. International Reference Ionosphere - IRI-2007 Calculator "...enables the computation and plotting of IRI parameters: electron and ion (O+, H+, He+, O2+, NO+) densities, total electron content, electron, ion and neutral (CIRA-86) temperatures, equatorial vertical ion drift and others..." For more information see Space Weather Models; Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) or the Goddard Space Flight Center Jupiter JUPITER CALCULATORS & APPLETS JUPITER EVENTS - CALCULATOR - Dan Bruton, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University & Midnight Kite Solutions VERY VERY EXTESNSIVE. Jupiter Events Calculator "...How to find Jupiter in the Sky & How to find the Great Red Spot..." For more information see Java; Midnight Kite Solutions or Dan Bruton's Home Page JUPITER'S MOONS CALCULATORS & APPLETS POSITIONS OF JUPITER'S MOONS (JAVA APPLET) - A. Peck Jupiter's Moons "...shows the positions of the four Galilean satellites of Jupiter, their shadows, and the great red spot..." For more information see Akkana's Astronomy Page; The Shallow Sky or Akkana Peck's Home Page Magnetosphere MAGNETOSPHERE RELATED CENTERS FOR MAGNETOSPHERE REAL-TIME DATABASES SEE THE SPACE WEATHER: MAGNETOSPHERE MAGNETOSPHERE CALCULATORS & APPLETS MAGNETOSPHERE (JAVA APPLETS) - UCLA Space Science Center (SSC), UCLA Multimedia Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Software or the UCLA Space Science Center (SSC), UCLA Some examples from over "8" Magnetosphere Calculators include Dipole Magnetic Fields - Isocontours Calculator Rankine Hugoniot Calculator Specularly Reflected Ions Calculator MHD Wave Graphs

Modeling - Space Physics SPACE PHYSICS MODELS CALCULATORS & APPLETS SPACE WEATHER MODELS SPACE WEATHER MODELS: MODELWEB - Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Multimedia Model Databases & Model Calculators (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) "...is a multi-agency partnership. The CCMC provides, to the international research community, access to modern space science simulations. In addition, the CCMC supports the transition to space weather operations of modern space research models..." Space Weather Models include: Atmospheric Models "...Density and Temperature Models; Wind Models..." Ionospheric Models "...Electron Density Models; Total Electron Content Models; etc...." Plasmaspheric Models; Trapped Particle Models; Gravitation/Geopotential Models; Geomagnetic (Main) Field Models; Magnetospheric Field Models; Solar and Interplanetary Space Models; Planetary Models; etc..." For more information see Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) or the Goddard Space Flight Center Some examples from over "40" Space Weather Models include International Reference Ionosphere - IRI-2007 International Reference Ionosphere Calculator "...enables the computation and plotting of IRI parameters: electron and ion (O+, H+, He+, O2+, NO+) densities, total electron content, electron, ion and neutral (CIRA-86) temperatures, equatorial vertical ion drift and others..." MSIS-E-90 Atmosphere Model MSIS-E-90 Atmosphere Model Calculator "...enables the computation and plotting of MSIS parameters: neutral temperature, exospheric temperature, densities of He, O, N2, O2, Ar, H, and N, and total density..." DGRF/IGRF Geomagnetic Field Model 1945-2010 and Related Parameters Geomagnetic Field Model Calculator "...enables to calculate the following parameters for one point: (a) Transformation of GEOgraphic coordinates to Corrected GeoMagnetic (CGM) coordinates and vice versa. (b) the DGRF/IGRF magnetic field components H (nT), D (deg.), and Z (nT); (c) the dipole latitude and longitude; (d) the geographic..." IGRF/DGRF Model Parameters and Corrected Geomagnetic Coordinates GRF/DGRF Model Parameters and Corrected Geomagnetic Coordinates Calculator "...enables computation of a set of the main geomagnetic field model parameters and transformation from the GEOcentric spherical (geographic) coordinates to the Corrected GeoMagnetic (CGM) coordinates and vice versa..." NASA Cosmic Modeling Software NASA COSMIC MODELING SOFTWARE NASA COSMIC MODELING SOFTWARE - Open Channel Foundation VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Open Channel Publishes the NASA COSMIC Collection "...consists of over 500 programs..." Examples of Modeling Software Categories include: "...Aerodynamics Applications; Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems; Cargo and Packing Logistics; Electronic Structures; Finite Element Analysis; Laser Applications; Metallurgy Software; Thermal Tools; Trajectories and Orbital Mechanics; Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering; etc..." NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database NASA/IPAC EXTRAGALACTIC - CALCULATORS & APPLETS NASA/IPAC EXTRAGALACTIC DATABASE (NED) CALCULATORS - Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, & under contract the Office of Space Science, Research and Program Management Office, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. NASA/IPAC Extragalatic Database "...is built around a master list of extragalactic objects for which cross-identifications of names have been established, accurate positions and redshifts entered to the extent possible, and some basic data collected..." For more information see Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) or JPL Examples of Calculators include Advanced All-Sky Search For Objects By Parameters Advanced All-Sky Search For Objects By Parameters Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Redshift Constraints; Photometric Constraint; Flux density; Radio, Infrared, Optical, Millimeter, Sub-Millimeter, Ultraviolet, X-ray or Gamma ray; Object Type (Classified Extragalactic Objects, Unclassified Extragalactic Candidates; Components of Galaxies); Exclude objects with ANY of the following selected types; etc..." NED Velocity Correction Calculator NED Velocity Correction Calculator INPUT Values include: "...RA or Longitude; DEC or Latitude; Velocity; System; Equinox; etc..." NED Sky Plot Calculator NED Sky Plot Calculator INPUT Values include: "...POSS/ESO Scale; SAO Stars; System; etc..." Nuclear Properties for Astrophysics NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS CALCULATORS & APPLETS NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS - Group T-2, (Nuclear Theory and Applications), Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laborabory (LANL) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Nuclear Astrophysics "...nuclear data for astrophysics calculations, such as nucleosynthesis, stellar evolution, the Big Bang, and super-nova dynamics...". For more information see T-2 Nuclear Data or T-2 Nuclear Information Service NUCLEAR PROPERTIES FOR ASTROPHYSICS CALCULATORS & APPLETS NUCLEAR PROPERTIES FOR ASTROPHYSICS - P. Möller, Group T-2, (Nuclear Theory and Applications), Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laborabory (LANL) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Nuclear Properties for Astrophysics "...Interactive access to nuclear properties of interest for astrophysics for almost 9000 nuclei. Get your experimental masses and calculated masses, deformations, decay Q-values, half-lives, spins, and separation energies..." For more information see T-2 Nuclear Data or T-2 Nuclear Information Service

Orbital Mechanics ORBITAL MECHANICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS KEPLER'S EQUATION FOR ELLIPTICAL MOTION, A NUMBERICAL SOLUTION UTILITY - AKiTi.ca, David Binner, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. Kepler's Equation for Elliptical Motion, a Numerical Solution Utility: "...is based on the program "FZERO.F", written by L. F. Shampine (SNLA) and H. A. Watts (SNLA), based upon a method by T. J. Dekker..." For more information see Math Functions: Miscellaneous Mathematical Utilities or AKiTi ORBIT INTEGRATORS - D.P. Hamilton, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Astronomy Workshop Tools; Astronomy Workshop or the Department of Astronomy Some examples from over "9" Orbit Integrator Calculators include Central Force Integrator Calculator Binary Star Integrator Calculator Three-Body Integrator Calculator ORBIT ON THE WEB: CALCULATORS - S.V. Belur, Bowie, Maryland VERY EXTENSIVE. "...An Interactive Spacecraft Orbit Utilities Page..." Some examples from over '6' Calculators include Transform from Orbital Elements to State Vector Calculator Transform from Orbital Elements to State Vector Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Semi-major axis; Eccentricity; Inclination; Arg of Perigee; etc..." Approximate Orbit Estimation Calculator Approximate Orbit Estimation Calculator "...can approximately estimate an orbit from two position vectors and time. The orbital estimate will be more accurate for smaller time intervals..." Planets, Solar System, Asteroids, Comets, Meteor Showers SOLAR SYSTEM GAZETTER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE - Astrogeology Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey Multimedia Gazetter of Planetary Nomenclature (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Databases; Data & Information or the Astrogeology Research Program THE NINE PLANETS SOLAR SYSTEM TOUR - Bill Arnett Multimedia Solar System Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. The Nine Planets Solar System Tour "...is an overview of the history, mythology, and current scientific knowledge of each of the planets and moons in our solar system. Each page has text and images, some have sounds and movies, most provide references to additional related information..." PHOTOJOURNAL - A collaboration between NASA's Planetary Data System Imaging Node, the Solar System Visualization Project,and JPL's Media Relations Office Multimedia Solar System Course (Text, Images, Animations & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Photojournal "...is your interface to the Planetary Image Archive (PIA) contained within the Planetary Data System Imaging Node - Updated Daily..." SOLAR SYSTEM - National Geographic Multimedia Solar System Lessons (Text, Images, Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Solar System "...Your chance to discover the wonders of our solar system in a spectacular 3-D environment. Take a fly-by tour of the sun and each planet in its orbit,..." For more information see National Geographic SUN CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS IPS CULGOORA TYPE II TOOL; SHOCK SPEED CALCULATOR - Culgoora Solar Observatory, New South Wales, Australia VERY EXTENSIVE. Shock Speed Calculator is "...used to give an estimate of the arrival time of an interplantery shock using the speed (km/sec) obtained from the radiospectrograph..." For more information see Solar or the IPS Radio and Space Services SOLAR ROTATION ACTIVITY (JAVA APPLET) - Culgoora Solar Observatory, New South Wales, Australia VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Solar or the IPS Radio and Space Services PLANET CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PLANATARY CALCULATOR - A.L. Proctor & D.P. Hamilton, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Plantary Calculator for Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune & Pluto INPUT Values include: "...Planet Mass; Planet Radius; Planet Density; Planet Oblateness; Spin Period; Surface Gravity; Escape Velocity; Synchronous Orbit; Planet Tilt; Semimajor Axis, etc..." For more information see Astronomy Workshop Tools; Astronomy Workshop or the Department of Astronomy TODAY'S PLANETS POSITION: VISUALIZE SOLAR SYSTEM AT A GIVEN EPOCH (JAVA APPLET) - Dieter Egger, Alpha-World, Forschungseinrichtung Satellitengeodäsie, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Astro Applets; Applets; Site Map or Dieter Egger's Home Page RINGED PLANETS CALCULATORS & APPLETS RINGS NODE ON-LINE TOOLS - M. Showalter, Planetary Rings Node, Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, JPL & NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Rings Node is "...a set of tools to assist planetary scientists in the planning, acquisition and interpretation of observations of the ringed planets..." For more information see Planetary Rings Node or NASA's Planetary Data System Some examples from over "24" Interactive Calculators & Viewers include Jupiter Viewer 2.3 Jupiter Viewer "...enables you to generate a Postscript file showing the appearance of the Jupiter system at a specified time. All bodies are rendered with terminators and shadows as appropriate. Selected background stars can also be included..." Saturn Moon Tracker Saturn Moon Tracker "...enables you to generate a Postscript file showing the east-west motion of Saturnian satellites within a specified time period. The distance of each selected moon from the planet's axis is plotted in units of either arcsec or Saturnian radii..." Martian Moon Tracker 2.0 Martian Moon Tracker "...enables you to generate a Postscript file showing the east-west motion of the Martian satellites within a specified time period. The distance of each selected moon from the planet's axis is plotted in units of either arcsec or Martian radii..." MOON CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LUNAR PERIGEE AND APOGEE CALCULATOR - J. Walker, Switzerland Lunar Perigee and Apogee Calculator "...To display the date, time, and distance of lunar perigees and apogees for a given year, enter the year in the box and press "Calculate"..." For more information see Welcome to Earth and Moon Viewer or John Walker's Home Page SOLAR SYSTEM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SOLAR SYSTEM SIMULATOR - Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Space Library or Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) BUILD A SOLAR SYSTEM - The Exploratorium VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Exploratorium SOLAR SYSTEM (JAVA APPLET) - E. L. Gans, Department of French, UCLA Solar System "...Both the planets and their orbits are approximately to scale with each other, but the planet scale is much larger than than the orbit scale, and the sun is not in scale with either..." For more information see Eric L. Gans Home Page SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORER & ASTRONOMY JAVA APPLETS - R. Scharein, Astronomy, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. Solar System Explorer includes "...Phases of the inner planets, Retrograde motion, Kepler's Laws, Cratering & Solar Eclipses; etc..." For more information see Rob Scharein's Home Page or the Department of Physics & Astronomy SOLAR SYSTEM COLLISIONS - D.P. Hamilton, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland Solar System Collisions Calculator "...Send an asteroid or comet hurtling toward your favorite planet!..." For more information see Astronomy Workshop Tools; Astronomy Workshop or the Department of Astronomy

Pulsar PULSAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS EXTRACT 'FIRST' IMAGE CUTOUTS - The FIRST Image Cutout Server and Hosted by the LLNL Institute for Geophysics & Planetary Physics VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Extract FIRST Image Cutouts is "...a project designed to produce the radio equivalent of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey over 10,000 square degrees of the North Galactic Cap..." For more information see The FIRST (Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm) Image Cutout Server Relativity GENERAL RELATIVITY & DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY COURSES & LECTURES INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY AND GENERAL RELATIVITY - S. Waner, Department of Mathematics, Hofstra University Multimedia Differential Geometry and General Relativity Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Differential Geometry and General Relativity Course Chapters include "...Smooth Manifolds and Scalar Fields; Contravariant and Covariant Vector Fields; Riemannian Manifolds Covariant Differentiation; Geodesics and Local Inertial Frames; The Riemann Curvature Tensor; The Stress Tensor and the Relativistic Stress-Energy Tensor; Three Basic Premises of General Relativity; etc..." For more information see Online Utilities & Software - Calculators; Finite Mathematics & Applied Calculus Resource Page; Steven R. Costenoble's Home Page; Department of Mathematics or Hofstra University DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY I - M. Ghomi, School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology Multimedia Differential Geometry I Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Differential Geometry I" Course Lectures include Immersions and Embeddings. Proof of the embeddibility of comapct manifolds in Euclidean space; Definition of differential structures and smooth mappings between manifolds; Proofs of the inverse function theorem and the rank theorem; Proof of Whitney's 2n+1 embedding theorem; Various definitions of orientability and the proof of their equivalence. Proof of the nonorientability of the Mobius strip and the nonembeddability of the real projective plane in R3. Proof that RPn is oreintable for n odd and is not orientable for n even; Definition of a Riemannian metric, and examples of Riemannian manifolds, including quotients of isometry groups and the hyperbolic space. The notion of distance on a Riemannian manifold and proof of the equivalence of the metric topology of a Riemannian manifold with its original topology; Riemannian connections, brackets, proof of the fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry, induced connection on Riemannian submanifolds, reparameterizations and speed of geodesics, geodesics of the Poincare's upper half plane; Exponential map and geodesic flow; etc..." For more information see Differential Geometry I Home Page; Courses; Mohammad Ghomi's Home Page or the School of Mathematics DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY II - M. Ghomi, School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology Multimedia Differential Geometry II Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Differential Geometry II" Course Lectures include Curves and Surfaces "...Definition of curves, examples, reparametrizations, length, Cauchy's integral formula, curves of constant width; General definition of curvature using polygonal approximations (Fox-Milnor's theorem); Osculating circle, Kneser's Nesting Theorem, total curvature, convex curves; Torsion, Frenet-Seret frame, helices, spherical curves; Intrinsic metric and isometries of surfaces, Gauss's Theorema Egregium, Brioschi's formula for Gaussian curvature; The definition of geodesic curvature, and the proof that it is intrinsic; etc..." Manifolds Definition of manifolds and some examples; Immersions and Embeddings. Proof of the embeddibility of comapct manifolds in Euclidean space; Definition of differential structures and smooth mappings between manifolds; Proofs of the inverse function theorem and the rank theorem; Smooth submanifolds, and immersions. Proof of the smooth embeddibility of smooth manifolds in Euclidean space. Tangent Bundles; etc..." For more information see Differential Geometry II Home Page; Courses; Mohammad Ghomi's Home Page or the School of Mathematics GENERAL RELATIVITY LECTURE NOTES - Matthias Blau, Gravity and String Theory Group, Institut de Physique, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland Multimedia General Relativity Course Lecture Notes - PDF - 229 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of General Relativity Course Chapters include "...The Physics and Geometry of Geodesics; Tensor Algebra; Physics in a Gravitational Field; The Lie Derivative, Symmetries and Killing Vectors; The Schwarzschild Metric; Particle and Photon Orbits in the Schwarzschild Geometry; Linearised Gravity and Gravitational Waves; Kaluza-Klein Theory; etc..." For more information see Matthias Blau's Lecture Notes; Matthias Blau's Home Page; Gravity and String Theory Group or the Institut de Physique DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY - Matt Visser, Gravity Group, Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Multimedia Differential Geometry Course - PDF - 224 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Differential Geometry Course Chapters & Subchapters include Chapter 2: Fundamentals "...Basis and sub-basis for a topology; Discrete and indiscrete topologies; Hausdorff and non-Hausdorff topologies; Elementary metric spaces; etc..." Chapter 3: Affine Connexions "...Parallel transport; Geodesics; Torsion; Basic Curvature Identities; Weitzenbock connexion; etc..." Chapter 6: Metric tensor "...Riemannian geometry; Finsler/pseudo-Finsler geometry; The Weyl tensor; etc..." Chapter 8: Lie derivatives "...Lie derivatives on covariant vectors; Lie derivatives on general tensors; etc..." For more information see Lecture Notes; Math 464: Differential Geometry; Teaching; Matt Visser's Home Page or the School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY CALCULATIONS GRTENSOR II DEMONSTRATIONS - P. Musgrave, Astronomy Research Group, Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. GRTensorII "...a computer algebra package for performing calculations in the general area of differential geometry. Its purpose is the calculation of tensor components on curved spacetimes specified in terms of a metric or set of basis vectors..." Demonstrations of GRTensorII currently available are in the areas of: "...General Relativity & Geometry; Black Hole Perturbations; The GRJunction Package & Engineering Applications.." For more information see GRTensor II or the Department of Physics RELATIVITY CALCULATORS & APPLETS THE RELATIVITY CALCULATOR - J.T. Mitchell, PHENIX Experimental Group, Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) VERY EXTENSIVE. Relativity Calculator "...calculates physical properties at relativistic speeds. You input the speed of the object, its mass, length, and clock time, and the calculator will automatically calculate what the object will look like to you..." For more information see Relativistic; Jeffery Mitchell's RHIClets; Jeffery Thomas Mitchell's Home Page; PHENIX Software Page; PHENIX Experimental Group; Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) or the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) RELATIVITY APPLET - T. Tao, Department of Mathematics, UCLA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Relativity Calculator Options include: "...An Inertial Reference Frame; An Inertial Object of Zero Length; A Non-inertial Object of Zero Length; A Inertial Object of Non-zero Length; A Light Ray or An Event..." For more information see Applets; Terence Tao's Home Page or the Department of Mathematics VLSR CALCULATOR: CALCULATE THE VELOCITY OF THE LOCAL STANDARD OF REST - E.M. Murphy, The Far Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University & NASA VLSR Calculator: Calculate the Velocity of the Local Standard of Rest "...will calculate the radial velocity of the observer with respect to a given RA and DEC on the date of observation for a number of popular standards of rest..." For more information see FUSE Planning Tools or The Far Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) Satellites PLANET SATELLITE CALCULATORS & APPLETS SATELLITE CALCULATOR - A.L. Proctor & D.P. Hamilton, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Satellite Calculator for Mars Satellites; Earth Satellites; Jupiter Satellites; Saturn Satellites; Uranus Satellites; etc. include: "...Satellite Mass; Satellite Radius; Satellite Density; Surface Gravity; Escape Velocity; Semimajor Axis; etc..." For more information see Astronomy Workshop Tools; Astronomy Workshop or the Department of Astronomy Space Missions, Space Flight, Orbital Tracking, etc. SPACE MISSIONS EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY CURRENT & FUTURE MISSIONS - European Space Agency For more information see the European Space Agency JPL CURRENT & FUTURE MISSIONS - Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA NASA CURRENT & FUTURE MISSIONS - NASA REAL TIME ORBITAL TRACKING NASA REAL TIME ORBITAL TRACKING DATA - NASA Tracking Applications include Live 2D Java Satellite Tracking Maps "...is a great way to locate Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-Ray Observatory or any of your favorite satellites other than International Space Station or Space Shuttle..." Human Space Flight's Tracking Map is "...a part of the Human Space Flight web site, shows the position of the International Space Station and, when it is flying, the Space Shuttle..." Live 3D Java Tracking Display "...Did you know there are over eight thousand artificial objects orbiting Earth? Over 2,500 are satellites, operative and inoperative. The remaining objects are orbital debris: parts such as nosecone shrouds, lens, hatch covers, rocket bodies, payloads that have disintegrated or exploded, and even objects that "escape" from manned spacecraft during operations..." Predictions for Viewing Space Station, or Other Satellites; etc..." For more information see NASA INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION INTERNATIONALS SPACE STATION - NASA SPACECRAFT COORDINATES CALCULATORS & APPLETS HELIOWEB - Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Multimedia Heliocentric Trajectories for Selected Spacecraft, Planets, and Comets Databases (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Heliocentric Trajectories for Selected Spacecraft, Planets, and Comets: "...Positions are available in Solar Ecliptic (SE) and Heliographic (HG) (rotating and inertial) systems for 12 Spacecraft, 2 Planets and 8 Comets. They can be obtained at desired time period, time resolution..." For more information see Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) or the Goddard Space Flight Center SSCWEB LOCATOR GRAPHICS, LOCATOR TABULAR, QUERY, ETC. - Project Direcctor: R.E. McGuire, Space Physics Data Facility, Code 602, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. SSCWeb "...The software and associated database of SSCWeb together form a system to cast geocentric spacecraft location information into a framework of (empirical) geophysical regions and mappings of spacecraft locations along lines of the Earth's magnetic field..." For more information see Satellite Situation Center (SSCWeb) or the Space Physics Data Facility SPACECRAFT/PLOT TYPE SELECTION - INTERACTIVE - Satellite Situation Center, Space Physics Data Facility, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Spacecraft/Plot Type Selection "...The Locator graphics component provides the ability to plot the orbits of multiple spacecraft. In addition to orbit plots, mapped and time series plots can also be generated..." For more information see the Satellite Situation Center or the Space Physics Data Facility SPACECRAFT/TIME RANGE SELECTION - INTERACTIVE - Satellite Situation Center, Space Physics Data Facility, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Spacecraft/Time Range Selection "...The Locator component provides tabular information. As tabular output, the spacecraft's coordinate location can be listed in a variety of coordinate systems, as well as other location related items..." For more information see the Satellite Situation Center or the Space Physics Data Facility SPACE FLIGHT COURSES, LECTURES, ETC. BASICS OF SPACE FLIGHT - D. Doody and G. Stephan (Authors); Maintained by D. F. Miller; Published by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mission Operations Section, Operations System Training Group, JPL Multimedia Space Fight Course (Text and Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Basics of Space Fight" Course Chapters & Subchapters include The Environment "...Reference Systems; Gravity & Mechanics; Trajectories; Planetary Orbits; etc..." Flight Projects "...Telecom; Onboard Systems; Science Instruments; Navigation; etc..." Operations "...Launch; Cruise; Encounter; Extended Ops; etc..." For more information see the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Spectra Analysis SPECTRA ANALYSIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AIRGLOW SPECTRUM CALCULATORS & APPLETS AIRGLOW SPECTRUM (JAVA APPLET) - J. Köppen, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, France VERY EXTENSIVE. Spectrum of the Airglow Calculator "...depicts a typical observed optical spectrum of the night sky; this must always be subtracted from the raw observations..." For more information see Interactive Java Applets to Aid the Teaching of Astrophysics; Joachim Köppen's Home Page or the Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg INTERSTELLAR & CIRCUMSTELLAR MOLECULES CALCULATORS & APPLETS MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY - JPL Molecular Spectroscopy, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA Multimedia Molecular Spectroscopy Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Molecular Spectroscopy "...The on-line version of the catalog contains individual files for each molecular species..." Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) THE COLOGNE DATABASE FOR MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, CDMS - Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Germany Multimedia Molecular Spectroscopy Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Molecular Spectroscopy Includes a special section on "Molecules in Space". MODEL IMAGES AND SPECTRA OF 3-D OBJECTS CALCULATORS & APPLETS MODEL IMAGES AND SPECTRA OF 3-D OBJECTS (JAVA APPLET) - J. Köppen, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, France; and was designed and programmed by S. Bresson, B. Leriche, C. LeLoirec & Marc-Olivier Sercki, Ecole Nationale Superielure de Physique de Strasbourg (ENSPS), France VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Model Images and Spectra of 3-D Objects "...allows the simulation of observational data which would be obtained from three-dimensional objects, such as gas clouds, gaseous nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies..." For more information see Interactive Java Applets to Aid the Teaching of Astrophysics; Joachim Köppen's Home Page or the Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg SIMULATE SPECTRAL DATA FOR MISSIONS/INSTRUMENTS CALCULATORS & APPLETS WEBSPEC - High Energy Astrophysics Sciences Archive Research Center (HEASARC), NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. WebSpec is a "...WWW interface for the X-ray spectral fitting package, XSPEC. Currently, it can be used to simulate spectral data for a variety of X-ray missions/instruments..." For more information see Tools or the High Energy Astrophysics Sciences Archive Research Center (HEASARC), NASA SPECTRA OF GAS DISCHARGES CALCULATORS & APPLETS SPECTRA OF GAS DISCHARGES (JAVA APPLET) - Author: J. Talbot and hosted by J. Köppen, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, France VERY EXTENSIVE. Spectra of Gas Discharges "...reads a file containing a list of emission line wavelengths and their corresponding strengths then simulates the appearance of the spectrum in a good visual spectroscope..." For more information see Hands On Collection or Joachim Köppen's Home Page Stars, Constellations, Galaxies, Clusters, Nebulae STARS, NEBULA & GALAXIES IMAGE DATABASES & IMAGE ATLASES All Inclusive ASTONOMY IMAGE ATLAS - Hawaiian Astonomical Society Multimedia Astronomy Image Database, Atlases, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Astronomy Image Atlases & Databases "...online atlas of the heavens, combined with photographs of significant objects, and their descriptions..." For more information see Hawaiian Astonomical Society Major Image Databases include Deepsky Atlas: Constellations Deepsky Atlas: Messier Objects Deepsky Atlas: The Caldwell List Beyond Messier & Caldwell Constellations CONSTELLATIONS - Chandra X-ray Center, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Constellations Images (Text & Images). For more information see Chandra X-ray Center @ Havard or Chandra X-ray Center @ NASA CONSTELLATIONS: THE DEEP PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO - S. Kohle & T. Credner, Astronomical Institutes of the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Multimedia Constellations Database (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Constellations Database (Text & Images). Constellations Database "...Every month a constellation of the season is presented..." For more information see Digital Images of the Sky or Astronomical Institutes of the University of Bonn CONSTELLATIONS - TCAEP.co.uk, J. Stott Multimedia Constellations Database (Text Only). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Welcome to TCAEP.co.uk Messier Objects: Nebulae, Clusters, Galaxies MESSIER DEEP SPACE OBJECTS - Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS) Multimedia Messier Deep Space Objects Image Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Messier Deep Space Objects Image Database include "...Nebulae; Clusters; Galaxies; etc..." For more information see the Messier Catalog or Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS) MESSIER LISTING - Deepsky Atlas, Hawaiian Astonomical Society Multimedia Messier Objects Database (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Deepsky Atlas or Hawaiian Astonomical Society MESSIER FROM THE DIGITAL SKY SURVEY - B. Arnett, The Nine Planets Solar System Tour Multimedia Messier Objects Database (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Bill Arnett's Home Page or The Nine Planets Solar System Tour STARS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GALAXIES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NEBULA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DUST INFRARED TOOLBOX (DIRT) - M. Wolfire, M. Pound, P. Teuben, L. Mundy, & S. Lord, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. "...a Java applet for modelling astrophysical processes in circumstellar dust shells around young and evolved stars. With DIRT, you can: Select and display over 500,000 pre-run model spectral energy distributions (SEDs); Find the best-fit model to your data set; Account for beam size in model fitting; etc..." For more information see WITS; Marc W. Pound's Home Page or the Department of Astronomy DYNAMICAL ASTRONOMY JAVALAB - C. Mihos, Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Dynamical Astonomy "...Here you will find a variety of Java applets which explore the motion of planets, stars, and galaxies. Each applet comes with background information on the pertinent astrophysics, a technical description of what's being calculated, and..." For more information see Chris Mihos' Home Page or the Department of Astronomy GALACTIC CANNIBALIZATION: CANNIBAL JAVALAB - C. Mihos, Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University VERY EXTENSIVE. Galactic Cannibalization "...Lets you explore the different processes involved in galactic cannibalization..." For more information see Current Applets; Dynamical Astronomy JavaLab; Chris Mihos' Home Page or the Department of Astronomy GALAXY CRASH - C. Mihos, Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University VERY EXTENSIVE. Galaxy Crash "... allows you to model galaxy collisions on your own computer. With this applet you can study how galaxies collide and merge gravitationally and how..." For more information see Current Applets; Dynamical Astronomy JavaLab; Chris Mihos' Home Page or the Department of Astronomy STAR AND PLANET FORMATION (QUICKTIME) - M.R. Bate, Astrophysics Group, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K. Multimedia Star and Planet Formation (Text, Images & Vides/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Astrophysics Group Some examples Star and Planet Formation Videos include Star Cluster Formation in 3D Star Cluster Formation in 3D "...takes my star cluster calculations to a new level, modelling the collapse and fragmentation of a 500 solar mass cloud..." The Formation of Clusters of Stars and Brown Dwarfs The Formation of Clusters of Stars and Brown Dwarfs Videos include: "...Original Calculation Video; Denser Cloud Video; Original Calculation vs Low Metallicity Video; Denser Cloud vs Different Power Spectrum Video; Different Turbulent Power Spectrum Video; etc..." STARS, NEBULAE, GALAXIES, ETC.: INTERACTIVE JAVA APPLETS FOR TEACHING OF ASTROPHYSICS - J. Köppen, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, France VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Stars, Nebulae, Galaxies, etc.: Java Applets for Teaching of Astrophysics "...This is a collection of Java applets written for teaching, creating exercises, allowing self-study and for use as small research tools. They aim to permit an interactive exploration of the behaviour of physical systems..." For more information see Joachim Köppen's Home Page or the Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg Some examples from over "40" Astrophysics Calculators include Plasma Diagnostics Plasma Diagnostics Calculator "... interprets the emission line spectrum of ionized gaseous nebulae: from the observed intensities of the lines, temperature, density, and the abundances of the elements in the nebula are derived. Also, given these values, the expected line intensities are synthesized..." Stellar Evolution Calculator - Stellar Evolutionary Tracks Calculator - Stellar Population Calculator Stellar Evolution Calculator - Stellar Evolutionary Tracks Calculator - Stellar Population Calculator "...shows the computed evolutionary paths of any star between 0.8 and 120 solar masses in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, as well as the isochrones, i.e. the locus of stars of any given age..." Chemical Evolution of Galaxies with detailed Nucleosynthesis Calculator Chemical Evolution of Galaxies with detailed Nucleosynthesis Calculator INPUT Values include: Model "...Type of Nucleosynthesis Mode Full Normal Mode; Closed Box, IRA, Analytical Solution; etc. Age of Galaxy; Number of Time Steps; Number of Stellar Masses; etc..." Galaxy "...Gas; Stars; Initial Z; Parameters of SFR; etc..." Simple Nucleo "...Locked-up Mass Fraction; Oxygen Yield; etc..." Chemical Evolution of Galaxies with Inflow of Metal-Poor Gas Calculator Chemical Evolution of Galaxies with Inflow of Metal-Poor Gas Calculator INPUT Values include: Galaxy with Gas Inflow INPUT Values: "...lg(a) is the instantaneous ratio of the accretion rate of the gas and the star formation rate; g(M/M0) is the current ratio of the total mass (gas plus stars) and the initial gas mass; lg(gas), lg(stars) are the masses in the form of gas and long-lived stars - including stellar remnants; lg(Z/y) is the metallicity of the gas for a primarily produced element, measured in terms of the true yield y; etc..." Constant dt; log(AR) Shift; etc. Chemodynamical Evolution of Galaxies Calculator Chemodynamical Evolution of Galaxies Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Parameters: sfrCon, sfrPwr, sfrTemp, TauStar, Eta, etc.; etc..." VIRTUAL LABORATORY (JAVA APPLETS) - S. Russell, G. Bothun & A. Hulse, University of Oregon Virtual Laboratory "...In the interest of providing students with truely interactive texts, a series of experiments has been created using Java to demonstrate the application of this method of teaching..." Examples or Interactive Java Applets include Galaxy Photometery Blackbody Radiation

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